Planning Policy Perspectives on Development of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Practices in Rural Areas: A Tanzanian Diagnosis and Prognosis

Gordian Wilfred Kazaura; Daniel Wandera Clief Naku

doi:doi:10.11648/j.urp.20220703.15

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Planning Policy Perspectives on Development of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Practices in Rural Areas: A Tanzanian Diagnosis and Prognosis

Gordian Wilfred Kazaura, Daniel Wandera Clief Naku

Published in Urban and Regional Planning (Volume 7, Issue 3)

Received: 21 June 2022 Accepted: 21 July 2022 Published: 29 July 2022

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Abstract

There is good evidence that improving Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) has significant economic and social development benefits. This research used the Opportunities and Obstacles to Development concept (O&OD) from the planning perspective to examine opportunities and obstacles facing the development of WASH practices in rural areas of developing countries with specific reference to Hombolo Village in Tanzania - East Africa. Results from the research reveal those rural areas in countries like Tanzania face enormous obstacles in dealing with WASH related issues. The study has also established that despite of the prevailing obstacles or challenges, opportunities to facilitate the implementation of WASH practices in rural areas do indeed exist and can therefore be harnessed. Such opportunities include the following; first, fighting local people ignorances, cultural mentality and lack of will by providing education on hygiene issues to people in rural areas. As it was observed, hygiene in rural areas like Hombolo village is compromised because many people in these areas are ignorant about hygiene issues, culturally affected and others simply lack the will to keep good hygiene. Secondly, where necessary, support to very poor families with hygiene detergents such as toilet soap should be provided. The findings showed that poverty is a challenge.

Published in	Urban and Regional Planning (Volume 7, Issue 3)
DOI	10.11648/j.urp.20220703.15
Page(s)	100-108
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Opportunities, Obstacles, Rural Areas, Diagnosis, Prognosis & Planning

References

[1]	AMCOW, WSP, UNCIEF, Water Aid & CREPA (2011): Sanitation and Hygiene in Africa at a Glance. A Synthesis of Country Priority Actions.
[2]	Uschi. E (2015): Importance of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene as key to national development. John Hopkins Water Magazine, John Hopkins University.
[3]	WHO & UNICEF (2002): Improved Sanitation: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Improved_sanitation - Accessed on 03/03/2022.
[4]	Akter. T & Ali. AM (2014): Factors influencing Knowledge and Practice of hygiene in Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Programme Areas of Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee.
[5]	UNICEF (2008): Rural sanitation, hygiene and water supply. (Available ONLINE at http://www.unicef.org/bangladesh/RURAL_Water_Sanitation_and_Hygiene.pdf
[6]	Lipson J (2010): The public health benefits of sanitation interventions. EPAR Brief No. 104, University of Washington: Evans School of Public Affairs, 2010.
[7]	UNICEF (2015): Water, Sanitation and Hygiene. The case for support.
[8]	UNICEF (2010): WASH Factsheet on Tanzania. http://www.unicef.org/tanzania/WASH_factsheet.pdf - Accessed on 07/02/2022.
[9]	Jacqueline. T, Niklaus. H and Dale. Y (2013): A Review of Sanitation and Hygiene in Tanzania.
[10]	Water Aid Tanzania (2012): Fact Sheet on Sanitation Financing in Tanzania. www.wateraid.org/~/.../Factsheet-on-financing-sanitation-Tanzania.pdf?la=e – Accessed on 07/02/2022.
[11]	Global Health and Education Foundation, (2007): Safe drinking water is essential, National Academy of Sciences.
[12]	WHO (2016): Sanitation Fact Sheet: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs392/en/ – Accessed on 02/01/2022.
[13]	UNICEF (2009): Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: https://www.unicef.org/tanzania/wes.html - Accessed on 02/03/2022.
[14]	WHO &UNICEF (2015): Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) Report.

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APA Style

Gordian Wilfred Kazaura, Daniel Wandera Clief Naku. (2022). Planning Policy Perspectives on Development of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Practices in Rural Areas: A Tanzanian Diagnosis and Prognosis. Urban and Regional Planning, 7(3), 100-108. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.urp.20220703.15

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ACS Style

Gordian Wilfred Kazaura; Daniel Wandera Clief Naku. Planning Policy Perspectives on Development of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Practices in Rural Areas: A Tanzanian Diagnosis and Prognosis. Urban Reg. Plan. 2022, 7(3), 100-108. doi: 10.11648/j.urp.20220703.15

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AMA Style

Gordian Wilfred Kazaura, Daniel Wandera Clief Naku. Planning Policy Perspectives on Development of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Practices in Rural Areas: A Tanzanian Diagnosis and Prognosis. Urban Reg Plan. 2022;7(3):100-108. doi: 10.11648/j.urp.20220703.15

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@article{10.11648/j.urp.20220703.15,
  author = {Gordian Wilfred Kazaura and Daniel Wandera Clief Naku},
  title = {Planning Policy Perspectives on Development of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Practices in Rural Areas: A Tanzanian Diagnosis and Prognosis},
  journal = {Urban and Regional Planning},
  volume = {7},
  number = {3},
  pages = {100-108},
  doi = {10.11648/j.urp.20220703.15},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.urp.20220703.15},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.urp.20220703.15},
  abstract = {There is good evidence that improving Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) has significant economic and social development benefits. This research used the Opportunities and Obstacles to Development concept (O&OD) from the planning perspective to examine opportunities and obstacles facing the development of WASH practices in rural areas of developing countries with specific reference to Hombolo Village in Tanzania - East Africa. Results from the research reveal those rural areas in countries like Tanzania face enormous obstacles in dealing with WASH related issues. The study has also established that despite of the prevailing obstacles or challenges, opportunities to facilitate the implementation of WASH practices in rural areas do indeed exist and can therefore be harnessed. Such opportunities include the following; first, fighting local people ignorances, cultural mentality and lack of will by providing education on hygiene issues to people in rural areas. As it was observed, hygiene in rural areas like Hombolo village is compromised because many people in these areas are ignorant about hygiene issues, culturally affected and others simply lack the will to keep good hygiene. Secondly, where necessary, support to very poor families with hygiene detergents such as toilet soap should be provided. The findings showed that poverty is a challenge.},
 year = {2022}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Planning Policy Perspectives on Development of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Practices in Rural Areas: A Tanzanian Diagnosis and Prognosis
AU  - Gordian Wilfred Kazaura
AU  - Daniel Wandera Clief Naku
Y1  - 2022/07/29
PY  - 2022
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.urp.20220703.15
DO  - 10.11648/j.urp.20220703.15
T2  - Urban and Regional Planning
JF  - Urban and Regional Planning
JO  - Urban and Regional Planning
SP  - 100
EP  - 108
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-1697
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.urp.20220703.15
AB  - There is good evidence that improving Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) has significant economic and social development benefits. This research used the Opportunities and Obstacles to Development concept (O&OD) from the planning perspective to examine opportunities and obstacles facing the development of WASH practices in rural areas of developing countries with specific reference to Hombolo Village in Tanzania - East Africa. Results from the research reveal those rural areas in countries like Tanzania face enormous obstacles in dealing with WASH related issues. The study has also established that despite of the prevailing obstacles or challenges, opportunities to facilitate the implementation of WASH practices in rural areas do indeed exist and can therefore be harnessed. Such opportunities include the following; first, fighting local people ignorances, cultural mentality and lack of will by providing education on hygiene issues to people in rural areas. As it was observed, hygiene in rural areas like Hombolo village is compromised because many people in these areas are ignorant about hygiene issues, culturally affected and others simply lack the will to keep good hygiene. Secondly, where necessary, support to very poor families with hygiene detergents such as toilet soap should be provided. The findings showed that poverty is a challenge.
VL  - 7
IS  - 3
ER  -

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Author Information

Gordian Wilfred Kazaura

Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Ardhi University, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Daniel Wandera Clief Naku

Department of Geography, St. John’s University of Tanzania, Dodoma, Tanzania

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Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Gordian Wilfred Kazaura, Daniel Wandera Clief Naku. (2022). Planning Policy Perspectives on Development of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Practices in Rural Areas: A Tanzanian Diagnosis and Prognosis. Urban and Regional Planning, 7(3), 100-108. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.urp.20220703.15

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ACS Style

Gordian Wilfred Kazaura; Daniel Wandera Clief Naku. Planning Policy Perspectives on Development of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Practices in Rural Areas: A Tanzanian Diagnosis and Prognosis. Urban Reg. Plan. 2022, 7(3), 100-108. doi: 10.11648/j.urp.20220703.15

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AMA Style

Gordian Wilfred Kazaura, Daniel Wandera Clief Naku. Planning Policy Perspectives on Development of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Practices in Rural Areas: A Tanzanian Diagnosis and Prognosis. Urban Reg Plan. 2022;7(3):100-108. doi: 10.11648/j.urp.20220703.15

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@article{10.11648/j.urp.20220703.15,
  author = {Gordian Wilfred Kazaura and Daniel Wandera Clief Naku},
  title = {Planning Policy Perspectives on Development of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Practices in Rural Areas: A Tanzanian Diagnosis and Prognosis},
  journal = {Urban and Regional Planning},
  volume = {7},
  number = {3},
  pages = {100-108},
  doi = {10.11648/j.urp.20220703.15},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.urp.20220703.15},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.urp.20220703.15},
  abstract = {There is good evidence that improving Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) has significant economic and social development benefits. This research used the Opportunities and Obstacles to Development concept (O&OD) from the planning perspective to examine opportunities and obstacles facing the development of WASH practices in rural areas of developing countries with specific reference to Hombolo Village in Tanzania - East Africa. Results from the research reveal those rural areas in countries like Tanzania face enormous obstacles in dealing with WASH related issues. The study has also established that despite of the prevailing obstacles or challenges, opportunities to facilitate the implementation of WASH practices in rural areas do indeed exist and can therefore be harnessed. Such opportunities include the following; first, fighting local people ignorances, cultural mentality and lack of will by providing education on hygiene issues to people in rural areas. As it was observed, hygiene in rural areas like Hombolo village is compromised because many people in these areas are ignorant about hygiene issues, culturally affected and others simply lack the will to keep good hygiene. Secondly, where necessary, support to very poor families with hygiene detergents such as toilet soap should be provided. The findings showed that poverty is a challenge.},
 year = {2022}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Planning Policy Perspectives on Development of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Practices in Rural Areas: A Tanzanian Diagnosis and Prognosis
AU  - Gordian Wilfred Kazaura
AU  - Daniel Wandera Clief Naku
Y1  - 2022/07/29
PY  - 2022
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.urp.20220703.15
DO  - 10.11648/j.urp.20220703.15
T2  - Urban and Regional Planning
JF  - Urban and Regional Planning
JO  - Urban and Regional Planning
SP  - 100
EP  - 108
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-1697
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.urp.20220703.15
AB  - There is good evidence that improving Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) has significant economic and social development benefits. This research used the Opportunities and Obstacles to Development concept (O&OD) from the planning perspective to examine opportunities and obstacles facing the development of WASH practices in rural areas of developing countries with specific reference to Hombolo Village in Tanzania - East Africa. Results from the research reveal those rural areas in countries like Tanzania face enormous obstacles in dealing with WASH related issues. The study has also established that despite of the prevailing obstacles or challenges, opportunities to facilitate the implementation of WASH practices in rural areas do indeed exist and can therefore be harnessed. Such opportunities include the following; first, fighting local people ignorances, cultural mentality and lack of will by providing education on hygiene issues to people in rural areas. As it was observed, hygiene in rural areas like Hombolo village is compromised because many people in these areas are ignorant about hygiene issues, culturally affected and others simply lack the will to keep good hygiene. Secondly, where necessary, support to very poor families with hygiene detergents such as toilet soap should be provided. The findings showed that poverty is a challenge.
VL  - 7
IS  - 3
ER  -

Copy | Download